Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Adverse Effects of Aβ 1-42 Oligomers: Impaired Contextual Memory and Altered Intrinsic Properties of CA1 Pyramidal Neurons

doi: 10.3390/biom14111425

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of Aβ 1-42 oligomers on the sensory/motor functions, pain sensitivity and emotional state. ( A ) Schematic illustration of the experimental design. Rats underwent the behavioral test battery 1 week after bilateral injections of Aβ 1-42 oligomers into dorsal CA1 followed by Congo red and lecanemab staining. ( B ) The center time (upper panel) and traveled distance (lower panel) were not different in the open-field test. ( C ) The time spent in the lit chamber and the latency to enter as well as the number of visits in the light/dark test were similar. ( D ) In the flinch-jump test, the current thresholds for finch, vocalization and jump were not changed. The number of rats is shown at the bottom of each bar. Data were plotted as individual points and expressed as mean ± SEM.

Article Snippet: Congo Red staining was performed according to the manufacturer’s instruction (Congo Red staining kit, 101641; Milipore, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) with slight modification.

Techniques: Battery, Staining

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Adverse Effects of Aβ 1-42 Oligomers: Impaired Contextual Memory and Altered Intrinsic Properties of CA1 Pyramidal Neurons

doi: 10.3390/biom14111425

Figure Lengend Snippet: Quantification of amyloid deposition after 1 week of oligomer injection. ( A ) Diagram of coronal brain slice and representative micrographs of Congo red staining in the CA1 region. The number indicates the distance posterior to the bregma. ( B ) Cumulative distribution of staining density of individual CA1 pyramidal cells. The number of cells was shown in parentheses. AU, arbitrary unit. ( C ) Diagram of coronal brain section and representative fluorescence images of lecanemab immunoreactivity with arrowheads indicating pyramidal cells. ( D ) Semi-quantitative analysis of lecanemab-positive CA1 pyramidal cell counts per mm 2 . ( E ) Diagram of coronal brain slice and representative fluorescence images of lecanemab-positive non-pyramidal cells at the Aβ 1-42 oligomer-injected site. The magnifications are ×100 (left) and ×200 (right), with the arrow indicating the injection track and the arrowheads indicating non-pyramidal cells. CA1, cornu ammonis 1; CC, corpus callosum; Ctx, cortex. ( F ) Semi-quantitative analysis of lecanemab-positive non-pyramidal cell counts per mm 2 in the stratum pyramidale (s.p.), stratum oriens (s.o.) and stratum radiatum (s.r.) of the CA1 region. Scale bars: 100 μm. The number of sections is shown at the bottom of each bar. Data were plotted as individual points and expressed as mean ± SEM. ** p < 0.01 vs. saline.

Article Snippet: Congo Red staining was performed according to the manufacturer’s instruction (Congo Red staining kit, 101641; Milipore, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) with slight modification.

Techniques: Injection, Slice Preparation, Staining, Fluorescence, Saline

Journal: The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology : Official Journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology

Article Title: Vinpocetine, a phosphodiesterase 1 inhibitor, mitigates atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation

doi: 10.4196/kjpp.2024.28.4.303

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Congo red and (C) Toluidine blue staining procedures were used to identify eosinophils and mast cells. Red and yellow arrows indicate the Congo red-stained eosinophils and mast cells, respectively (left hand side: magnification 400×; scale bar: 100 µm). (B) Eosinophils and (D) mast cells were counted using ImageJ software. Data represent mean ± SD (n = 5 or 6). Data were considered significant at ### p < 0.001 compared with the control group and **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 compared with the DNCB group. DNCB, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene; Vinp, vinpocetine; Dex, dexamethasone.

Article Snippet: Dorsal skin samples were deparaffinized at 60°C for 15 min and subsequently stained with a Congo red staining kit (Abcam).

Techniques: Staining, Software

Journal: Acta Neuropathologica Communications

Article Title: Proteomic analysis across patient iPSC-based models and human post-mortem hippocampal tissue reveals early cellular dysfunction and progression of Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis

doi: 10.1186/s40478-023-01649-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: AD human grafts exhibit significant proteomic alterations, but do not show main AD hallmarks a and b Overview of representative PET/CT images of 18 F-flutemetamol in control and AD iPSC-derived grafts six months after transplantation into mouse hippocampus. Sagittal and axial views showed no specific uptake related to AD in the brain. Color scale bar shows (from black to white) activity values in PET 18 F-flutemetamol image. The diagram shows relative uptake values presented as %IA/g. Results are presented as mean ± S.E.M. N = 3–4 animals. c and d Characterization of Aβ deposition in hippocampi of 6-month-old 5xFAD transgenic mice and control and AD iPSC-derived grafts. Congo Red staining and immunostaining for H31L21 show presence of Aβ deposits only in 5xFAD mice. Scale bars: 200 µm. Results are presented as mean ± S.E.M. N = 4 animals. e Accumulation of Aβ measured by MSD in control and AD iPSC-derived human grafts. Results are presented as mean ± S.E.M. N = 4 animals. Statistical analysis by two-tailed t-test. f Diagram reflecting the β-sheet structure content in control and AD iPSC-derived human grafts as shown by the absorbance ratios 1,628 cm −1 , a band characteristic for β-sheet structure, to 1,656 cm. −1 , a band typically assigned to α-helical or random structures, main components of protein structures used here as a normalization parameter. Results are presented as individual values. n = 42—81 spectra per sample for N = 3–4 animals. P value: **** = P < 0.0001. Statistical analysis by two-tailed t-test. g Venn diagram representing the number of identified proteins exclusively derived from AD iPSC-derived human grafts and/or from host mouse brain tissue. N = 4 animals. h Principal component analysis using the normalized intensities of proteins quantified in control and AD iPSC-derived human grafts. i 1D annotation enrichment analysis of quantified proteins in control and AD iPSC-derived human grafts (Benjamini–Hochberg FDR: 0.02). Underrepresented pathways in ADHG (blue) are mainly enriched by mitochondrial function. Overrepresented biological pathways in ADHG (red) are mostly associated with the dysregulation of RNA metabolism. j Hierarchical clustering analysis of dysregulated proteins in AD iPSC-derived human grafts (Two-tailed t-test; p -value < 0.05; Benjamini–Hochberg FDR: 0.05) using Pearson correlation distance. The abundance of protein groups decreased and increased is represented in blue and red, respectively. k Biological pathways enriched in the protein clusters of the hierarchical clustering analysis of AD iPSC-derived human graft proteome ( p -value < 0.01). p -values are denoted as the –log10 ( p -value). The grey color symbolizes the absence of that specific biological pathway. l Cluster bar representation of significantly altered proteins linked to well-established markers of early molecular dysfunction in AD (Two-tailed t-test; p -value < 0.05; Benjamini–Hochberg FDR: 0.05)

Article Snippet: Congo Red staining was performed using Congo Red Staining Kit (Merck) following the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques: Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography, Derivative Assay, Transplantation Assay, Activity Assay, Transgenic Assay, Staining, Immunostaining, Two Tailed Test